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Apneas del Sueño

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Apneas del Sueño

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¿Qué son las Apneas del sueño?

En los últimos años es notable la importancia que ha adquirido el estudio de las patologías respiratorias del sueño, dado que constituyen un factor de riesgo vascular para el desarrollo de la hipertensión arterial, enfermedad cerebrovascular (ACV) y cardiovascular. 

Dentro de las patologías respiratorias del sueño se encuentran las apneas del sueño, que ocurren exclusivamente cuando dormimos, son obstrucciones repetidas de la vía aérea que llevan a una interrupción de la entrada de aire a los pulmones, con la consecuente bajada de oxígeno en sangre y despertares o microdespertares nocturnos. Estas alteraciones repetitivas se asocian a la activación de diferentes mecanismos neurales, humorales, trombóticos, metabólicos e inflamatorios, los cuales están implicados en la fisiopatología de la enfermedad cerebro y cardiovascular.

SAOS – Síndrome de apneas obstructivas del sueño

Hay varios tipos de apnea del sueño, pero la más común es la apnea obstructiva del sueño. Este tipo de apnea se presenta cuando los músculos de tu garganta se relajan por instantes y bloquean tus vías respiratorias mientras duermes. Se observa colapso episódico de la vía aérea durante el sueño que causa obstrucción del flujo aéreo. Con el objetivo de restablecer la respiración el individuo realiza esfuerzos respiratorios cada vez mayores hasta que se despierta y retoma la respiración.

¿Por qué se producen las apneas?

Las causas principales son: aumento de la grasa en la región del cuello; sobrepeso y obesidad; aumento significativo de las amígdalas; alteraciones de la estructura ósea de la cara. El consumo de alcohol y cigarro y uso de sedantes empeoran el cuadro.

¿Qué síntomas ocasiona?

Las personas que padecen apneas del sueño generalmente no son conscientes de estas paradas respiratorias. Los síntomas más comunes son el ronquido, la somnolencia diurna, irritabilidad, fatiga, falta de atención y concentración, menor rendimiento laboral y académico. Además pueden presentar ahogos y/o pausas respiratorias durante el sueño; levantarse al baño por la noche; acidez estomacal, despertares frecuentes y cefalea matutina.

 

Apneas del sueño y ACV

Los ACV por sí solos constituyen la tercera causa de mortalidad y la principal causa de invalidez a largo plazo. Se ha determinado que un 78% de los pacientes con ACV tienen un síndrome de apneas del sueño.

Considerando la alta prevalencia de las patologías respiratorias del sueño en pacientes con ACV y la alta eficacia del tratamiento de éstas con presión positiva continua (CPAP) o cirugía de vías aéreas superiores, los cuales reducen significativamente la somnolencia diurna y la presión arterial, mejora la calidad de vida y el funcionamiento neurocognitivo; nos hace plantear la importancia de establecer como método de screening habitual, el estudio de las apneas del sueño en pacientes con ACV.

Y con fines de prevención es importante pesquisar en la consulta médica los síntomas y signos de apneas del sueño dado que el diagnóstico y control de las mismas disminuiría el riesgo de presentar un ACV y otros eventos cardiovasculares.

 

¿Cuándo ver al médico?

Consulta a un profesional médico si experimentas o si tu pareja observa lo siguiente:

  • Ronquidos lo suficientemente fuertes como para interrumpir tu sueño o el de otros
  • Despertar jadeando o ahogándose
  • Pausas intermitentes de la respiración durante el sueño
  • Somnolencia excesiva durante el día, la cual puede ocasionar que te quedes dormido mientras trabajas, ves la televisión o incluso cuando conduces un vehículo.

Un estudio del sueño puede ofrecer al médico información sobre cómo usted duerme y respira. Esa información ayudará a determinar su diagnóstico y las opciones de tratamiento.

 

¿Quiénes están mayormente en riesgo?

  • Los hombres más que las mujeres.
  • Las personas mayores.
  • Las personas con exceso de peso.
  • Las personas con la presión arterial elevada (hipertensión).
  • Los fumadores.
  • Las personas con alteraciones en las vías respiratorias.

 

Si tiene alguna duda o posee algunos de los síntomas anteriormente  mencionados, solicite una consulta aquí.

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